Agricultural biomass encompasses a wide range of organic materials generated in agricultural production and processing: crop residues (straw, corn stalks), prunings from orchards and vineyards, by-products from grain, oilseed and feed processing, as well as manure and organic residues from farms. In energy applications, it is used in solid, liquid, or gaseous form depending on the conversion pathway (direct combustion, pelletizing/briquetting, anaerobic digestion for biogas, liquid biofuel production). It is characterized by variable chemical composition, moisture, and ash content, which requires tailored combustion or conversion technologies. Agricultural biomass is an important renewable energy source for energy systems and industrial facilities in regions with developed agriculture.

Agro briquettes are a solid biofuel in the form of compressed blocks or cylinders produced by high‑pressure compaction of milled agricultural biomass, typically without additional binders. Feedstock includes cereal straw, corn stalks and cobs, husks from sunflower and other oil crops, residues from energy crops, and other agricultural by-products. Compared with untreated straw in bales, agro briquettes provide higher bulk and energy density, more uniform shape, and lower moisture content, which facilitates storage, transport, and feeding into larger furnaces and boilers. Due to the specific chemical composition of agro biomass (higher ash content and the presence of alkalis and chlorides), agro briquettes are mostly used in purpose‑designed combustion systems in energy and industrial applications.

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Anthracite is a high-carbon solid fossil coal with very low moisture and volatile matter content, high density, and high lower heating value. It has a hard, glossy structure and burns slowly and steadily with a high flame temperature and relatively low smoke and soot levels compared with other coal types. These characteristics make anthracite suitable for use in energy systems and industrial processes that require intense and stable heat, as well as in plants designed for controlled combustion of solid fuels.

Bark is a solid wood biomass generated as a by-product in forestry and the wood industry (logging, sawmills, panel factories, wood-processing plants). It consists of the outer layer of the trunk and thicker bark parts from branches, with higher mineral and ash content compared to clean sawdust or wood chips. In energy applications, bark is used for direct combustion in biomass boilers and furnaces or as a component in blends with other woody biomass. Due to variable particle size, moisture, and possible impurities (sand, soil), it requires robust feeding systems and adapted combustion technology. It is most commonly used in energy systems and industrial plants located close to the source (sawmills, wood-processing facilities, forest regions).

Biomass pellets are a solid biofuel in the form of cylindrical granules produced by compressing milled organic feedstock under high pressure. The feedstock can be various types of biomass: woody biomass (sawdust, shavings, wood residues), agricultural biomass (straw, husks, cobs, stalks), energy crops, and selected biodegradable waste streams. Compared with raw biomass (chips, baled straw), biomass pellets offer more uniform particle size, higher bulk and energy density, and lower moisture content, which simplifies storage, transport, and automated combustion in larger boilers and furnaces. Fuel quality (moisture, ash content, chemical composition) depends on the biomass type and target application (energy systems, industrial plants) and is matched to the combustion equipment and technology.

Bituminous coal is a solid fossil fuel with medium to high carbon content, moderate volatile matter, and relatively low moisture. It has a high lower heating value compared with lignite and sub‑bituminous coal, making it suitable for use in large power and industrial boilers and furnaces. Bituminous coal provides relatively stable combustion, can be finely milled for pulverized firing, and is widely applied in thermal power plants, large district heating plants, and process industries that require a reliable source of process steam and heat.

Corn cob biomass is a solid agricultural residue obtained after corn grain harvesting. In energy applications it is used in shredded form (chips, ground material) or as a raw material for briquettes and pellets. It has a dry fibrous structure, a medium-high lower heating value typical for agricultural biomass, and relatively low bulk density. It is suitable for combustion in boilers and furnaces designed for agro biomass but requires adapted feeding systems and grates due to higher ash content and increased slagging tendency compared with woody biomass. Corn cobs are mainly used in corn-producing regions as a locally available fuel for heat, steam, and, in certain plants, electricity generation.

Diesel fuel for industrial use is a refined liquid fossil fuel designed for operation of diesel engines, boilers, and generators in energy and industrial facilities. It is characterized by controlled viscosity, flash point, and good combustion characteristics, ensuring reliable starting, stable operation, and relatively high energy efficiency. It is commonly used to power diesel generators, pumps, compressors, and liquid-fuel boilers where a flexible and quickly available energy source is required. Industrial diesel typically meets relevant quality standards (such as EN 590 or equivalent), with grades adapted to climatic conditions.

Heavy fuel oil is a viscous liquid fossil fuel obtained as a heavy fraction from crude oil refining. It is mainly used in large boilers, industrial furnaces, and power plants, where it is preheated before combustion to reduce viscosity and ensure efficient atomization. It is characterized by high energy density and storage stability, but also by higher sulphur and ash content compared to lighter liquid and gaseous fuels. Due to these properties, heavy fuel oil is typically applied in large energy systems and industrial facilities that require continuous and reliable supply of process heat, steam, and electricity.

Industrial pellets are a solid biofuel in the form of cylindrical granules produced by pressing milled biomass (typically wood, but also agricultural or mixed biomass) under high pressure. Compared with premium household pellets, industrial pellets are subject to less stringent quality requirements – they can have higher moisture and ash content and more variable chemical composition, while still providing good energy density and suitability for automated combustion. They are primarily intended for larger boiler plants, power plants, district heating systems, and industrial processes where combustion equipment and flue‑gas cleaning systems can accommodate a wider fuel-quality range. Pellets are suitable for bulk storage and transport, with stable parameters for feeding and combustion in large-scale furnaces.

Miscanthus biomass is a perennial energy grass cultivated specifically for biofuel and energy production. After harvesting, the dried above-ground biomass (stems and leaves) is used as a solid fuel in the form of chips, bales, briquettes, or pellets. It provides high biomass yields per hectare, consistent quality, and relatively stable moisture content after storage, with a lower heating value comparable to other agricultural biomass fuels. Due to its fibrous structure, miscanthus requires suitable equipment for chopping and combustion, and particular attention must be paid to furnace design because of ash content and slagging potential compared with woody biomass. It is mainly used in regional energy systems and industrial boiler houses located near cultivation areas.

Olive pomace and olive pomace pellets are solid biofuels derived as by-products from olive oil production. Crude olive pomace is a mixture of finely ground skin, pulp, and pits containing residual oil, while olive pomace pellets are mechanically dried and pelletized into compact cylindrical shapes with stable dimensions. After drying and pelletizing, they achieve a relatively high lower heating value and more uniform combustion, with significantly easier storage and dosing compared with loose pomace. These biofuels are used in boilers and industrial furnaces designed for biomass fuels, particularly in olive-growing regions where they are locally available in substantial quantities.

Peat briquettes are a solid fuel produced by mechanical processing and pressing of dried peat into compact shapes. They feature uniform size and shape, lower moisture content compared with raw peat, and more stable combustion behavior. Peat briquettes have a medium lower heating value, lower than coal but higher than wet raw biomass, and are used as a locally available fuel for heat, steam, and, in certain systems, electricity generation. Due to their compact form and easier handling compared with loose peat, they are suitable for small and medium boiler plants designed for solid fuels.

Premium heating pellets are a solid biofuel in the form of small-diameter cylindrical granules, produced by pressing dry, finely milled wood biomass with no or minimal binders. They feature low moisture content, high and consistent lower heating value, low ash content, and uniform particle size, making them particularly suitable for automated residential pellet boilers and stoves. Premium pellet classes are typically produced from clean wood (without bark and impurities), with controlled ash content and high mechanical durability, ensuring reliable combustion, reduced slagging, and less frequent cleaning. These pellets are intended to replace heating oil, coal, or electricity in household heating systems.

Sawdust is a solid wood biomass generated during cutting, sawing, and processing of wood in sawmills, furniture factories, and other wood-processing plants. It consists of fine wood particles with relatively uniform grain size and variable moisture content, depending on whether it originates from green or kiln-dried wood. In energy applications, sawdust is used as a fuel for direct combustion in industrial biomass boilers, either alone or blended with wood chips and shavings, as a feedstock for pellet and briquette production, and in biomass-based cogeneration plants. It requires suitable storage systems, protection against moisture and self-heating, and automated feeding into the combustion chamber.